Majid Ostovar
Abstract
During the 1960s and 1970s, Iranian society underwent significant transformations, among which the Pahlavi regime’s modernization program played a central role. This top-down modernization led to the expansion of urbanization and a marked increase in rural-to-urban migration. The idea of “returning ...
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During the 1960s and 1970s, Iranian society underwent significant transformations, among which the Pahlavi regime’s modernization program played a central role. This top-down modernization led to the expansion of urbanization and a marked increase in rural-to-urban migration. The idea of “returning to the village,” which emerged in the fictional literature of this period, can be understood as a critical response to the pervasive and technocratic nature of this modernization process. The present study seeks to address a fundamental question: how did Iranian intellectuals such as Samad Behrangi and Jalal Al-e Ahmad contribute to the construction of a revolutionary ideology? Employing the theoretical framework of social construction proposed by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, this research explores the hypothesis that, for Behrangi and Al-e Ahmad, a return to cultural roots—particularly the village—served as a strategy for confronting the identity crisis and existential alienation produced by the Pahlavi state's modernization efforts. The findings indicate that the notion of “returning to the village,” as articulated in the thought of these two influential Iranian writers, functioned as a symbolically constructed intellectual response to the Western-oriented civilizational apparatus of the Pahlavi regime. It offered a conceptual alternative to the disorientation and estrangement brought about by state-led modernization. Through its impact on the intellectual discourse of the 1970s, this idea indirectly contributed to the cultural groundwork that made the Islamic Revolution possible. The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical.
mohammad porhelm bejarpasi; mohammadreza shad manamen; alimohammad mozzeki; alimohammad moazzeni
Abstract
During the period of transition from tradition, despite the fundamental changes in the lives of the people of the villages of Gilan, these changes have been less reflected in scientific research. However, some changes can be observed among cultural and narrative works, including oral history. In this ...
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During the period of transition from tradition, despite the fundamental changes in the lives of the people of the villages of Gilan, these changes have been less reflected in scientific research. However, some changes can be observed among cultural and narrative works, including oral history. In this article, the reflection of the method of learning science, treatment, nomadism, people's encounter with modern phenomena, and rituals and beliefs based on oral history data is presented, and some of its changes are examined. This research seeks to answer the following questions with a descriptive-analytical approach: 1. To what extent did the people of the villages of Gilan accompany the changes that occurred in the transition from tradition in the second Pahlavi period. 2. What changes occurred in the transition from tradition in the lives of the villagers of Gilan. The findings of the research show that the people of Gilan, and consequently its villagers, despite some opposition, did not offer much resistance to new phenomena. In the second Pahlavi period, new schools replaced the schools, although some incorrect educational methods, including corporal punishment, continued in schools. In addition, the role of governments in education became more prominent than in the past. In the field of treatment, despite scientific achievements, superstitions and the supernatural continued to play a role alongside medical knowledge, but they lost their place in treatment day by day.. Rituals and customs also became less important than in the past and lost their function.
morteza maleki charkovani; farhang mozaffar; mohammad ali khan mohammadi; bahram saleh sedghpour
Abstract
Rural development is highly dependent on understanding the importance of business architecture and its connection to local economic strategies; however, the attention given to the long-standing link between indigenous architecture and the rural economy is often overlooked in contemporary research and ...
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Rural development is highly dependent on understanding the importance of business architecture and its connection to local economic strategies; however, the attention given to the long-standing link between indigenous architecture and the rural economy is often overlooked in contemporary research and planning. In this context, the current study analyzed data using SPSS and AMOS via correlation analysis, based on cluster random sampling of 180 rural business owners and producers, utilizing closed-ended questionnaires. By fixing the “Livelihood Housing” factor, two-factor and three-factor development models were compared across three verification levels (unconfirmed, evaluable, and fully confirmed); in the two-factor model section (comprising 8 models), 4 models concerning the relationship between housing and the farm (tourism and creative) were confirmed, whereas 4 other models (involving the relationship between housing and external architecture and supportive development) were not confirmed. In the three-factor model section (15 models), all models related to supportive development and creative farming were confirmed, and except for one case, the majority of models associated with supportive development and tourism farming were also confirmed; conversely, only one model related to supportive development and non-residential architecture was confirmed. Ultimately, the most reliable planning model is the three-factor model comprising development, support, creative farming, and livelihood housing.
Fatemeh Lotfi Emran; Maghsoud Ali Sadeghi; Seyyed Hashem Aghajari; Shahram Yousefi far
Abstract
This study examines the impacts of ninth-century AH governmental policies on the lives of Iranian rural communities, focusing on Nozl (mandatory quartering of state officials and diplomatic missions in rural households) and the passage of government troops through rural areas. The research methodology ...
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This study examines the impacts of ninth-century AH governmental policies on the lives of Iranian rural communities, focusing on Nozl (mandatory quartering of state officials and diplomatic missions in rural households) and the passage of government troops through rural areas. The research methodology is based on a qualitative approach and historical analysis, involving the collection and thematic analysis of data from primary sources to explore the economic, social, and psychological effects of these practices. Findings indicate that Nozl, rooted in Iranian administrative traditions, became a heavy financial burden on villagers due to ineffective oversight, leading to reduced agricultural production, weakened social cohesion, and eroded trust in governance. Similarly, the passage of troops through rural areas during crises and lapses in supervision often resulted in the plundering of fields and destruction of rural infrastructure. Set in the context of the ninth century AH, this study reveals that these two phenomena collectively undermined the economy and social cohesion of rural communities. The main conclusion emphasizes the inherent tension between the productive role of villages and the financial demands of the state, highlighting the necessity of strengthening administrative oversight to mitigate pressures on villagers and ensure the sustainability of local communities.
نادیا rah; sina foroozesh; masomali panjeh
Abstract
The livelihood and occupation of the villagers in Langarud and Lahijan, located in eastern Gilan, have long been rooted in sericulture. This study, by reviewing the background of silk production and trade in these two regions and based on nine historical documents obtained from petitions submitted to ...
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The livelihood and occupation of the villagers in Langarud and Lahijan, located in eastern Gilan, have long been rooted in sericulture. This study, by reviewing the background of silk production and trade in these two regions and based on nine historical documents obtained from petitions submitted to the National Consultative Assembly (Majles), examines the problems faced by rural silk farmers of Langarud and Lahijan during the first decade of Reza Shah Pahlavi’s reign. Given the long-standing tradition of silk production and commerce in these areas, the article seeks to answer the question of what economic hardships the silk farmers encountered during this period and what outcomes their petitions and appeals ultimately produced. Employing the historical research method and following a documentary–library approach within a descriptive–analytical framework, the study reveals that the silk farmers of Lahijan and Langarud suffered heavy financial losses—and consequently fell into poverty—due to the sale of spoiled silkworm eggs by the Frenchman Monsieur de Bourdeux, the Filaturi Company, and Moʿin-ol-Tojjar of Bushehr. In response, they submitted petitions to the National Consultative Assembly, lodging complaints and requesting both tax exemption and the establishment of an agricultural school to facilitate the proper development of silk production and trade. The outcome of these demands was the establishment of the General Directorate of Sericulture in 1935 (1314 SH), which, under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior, began operating with the aim of producing and distributing silkworm eggs and purchasing cocoons.
nazanin ahmadyosefi; Hhabibollah saeedinia
Abstract
The oil industry was a pivotal phenomenon during the second Pahlavi era that influenced the economic and social structure of rural Iranian society. During this period, oil revenues, through development programs, had a great impact on various aspects of development in various fields One of the areas affected ...
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The oil industry was a pivotal phenomenon during the second Pahlavi era that influenced the economic and social structure of rural Iranian society. During this period, oil revenues, through development programs, had a great impact on various aspects of development in various fields One of the areas affected by oil revenues was rural development. One of the areas affected by oil revenues was rural development. However, in the Third to Fifth Development Plans, due to the method of allocating oil revenues and differing priorities, it had a lower priority. This research aims to analyze the role and impact of the third to fifth development plans on the development and modernization of rural society, as well as to examine the share of allocations to this sector compared to others. Using a historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on historical sources, official documents, and statistics, the study seeks to answer the question of how oil revenues during the development plans have impacted the development of rural society. Research findings indicate that rural development programs in the field of civil engineering, compared to various dimensions of development in other fields, have failed to achieve their quantitative and qualitative objectives. Ambiguity in policies, reduced investment in the rural sector, a lack of facilities, and executive disharmony during the third to fifth Five-Year Development Plans led to a decline in rural production and employment, and consequently, an increase in the migration of villagers to cities.