Fatemeh Yousefvand; Sahmeddin Khazaei; Mohsen Rahmati
Abstract
The conflicts between the claimants of the local governments after the death of Abu Saeed Ilkhani and during the interregnum between the Ilkhans and the Timurids greatly affected the quality of life of the farmers and they lived in hardship and suffering. In the meantime, some local rulers who managed ...
Read More
The conflicts between the claimants of the local governments after the death of Abu Saeed Ilkhani and during the interregnum between the Ilkhans and the Timurids greatly affected the quality of life of the farmers and they lived in hardship and suffering. In the meantime, some local rulers who managed to rule over a territory and establish stability there, thought about the farmers of their territory and took measures for their well-being. Sultan Owais Jalayeri, the most famous ruler of the Jalayerid dynasty, who came to power after a series of conflicts in the regions of Azerbaijan, Arab Iraq and Ajam Iraq and was able to establish stability and peace in the territory under his command, was one of these rulers. He made many efforts to repair the ruins and improve the condition of agriculture and farmers. In the present study, an attempt will be made to analyze the reform measures of Sultan Awais Jalayri in the field of agriculture and improving the condition of the villagers by using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on first-hand sources and researches. The results of the research show that Sultan Owais, with the measures he took in the field of agriculture, such as removing tax abuses, amending property laws, returning fugitive farmers to their properties, prohibiting agents from trespassing on farmers and punishing the wrongdoers, as well as carrying out supportive and encouraging measures For the farmers, he improved the condition of agriculture and the villagers of the region under his command, and for a short period of time, he benefited from the stability, prosperity and prosperity of the territory of the Jalarians.
Mehri Edrisi arimi; Mohammad Jafar begloo
Abstract
The operation of the Iranian People's Fadayee Guerrilla Organization in the Siahkal forests of Gilan on 19th of Bahman 1349 is considered to be the starting point of the armed battle of the leftist groups against the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Although the first operation of the people's loyalist ...
Read More
The operation of the Iranian People's Fadayee Guerrilla Organization in the Siahkal forests of Gilan on 19th of Bahman 1349 is considered to be the starting point of the armed battle of the leftist groups against the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Although the first operation of the people's loyalist guerrillas in the village failed for some reasons and led to a change in the organization's approach to carrying out activities in the city, the Siahkal operation was recorded as an important event in the history of this organization and the origin of the emergence of guerrilla and coercive movements against the Pahlavi rule.The formation of Siahkal guerrilla operations had a close relationship with the peasant community of Gilan villages on the one hand and the natural geography of this area on the other hand. The present study aims to answer the question, with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on documentary and library sources, and with the aim of explaining the factors influencing the guerrilla operations of the people's loyalists against the Pahlavi government, what factors caused the organization of the people's loyalists to choose Siahkal village as the first place of their guerrilla operations against the regime of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi?The findings of the research show that the social structure of the villages of Gilan, which consisted of peasant and rural communities, on the one hand, and the geographical location of Gilan, the weather conditions and dense vegetation, the forest and mountainous location of Siahkal, were effective in choosing the village of Siahkal to launch a guerrilla movement by the people's loyalist guerrillas.
Boroomand Sooreni; somayeh Ansari
Abstract
Agriculture has been one of the main foundations of Iran's economic system throughout history, especially during the Afsharia and Zandiyeh periods, and has played an essential role in people's livelihood and the political and economic independence of governments. Governments have taken various approaches ...
Read More
Agriculture has been one of the main foundations of Iran's economic system throughout history, especially during the Afsharia and Zandiyeh periods, and has played an essential role in people's livelihood and the political and economic independence of governments. Governments have taken various approaches and solutions to master this structure, however, some natural and unnatural factors always prevented them from improving and developing this vital part of the economic system. The current research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on first-hand sources and authentic sources, seeks to answer the question, what were the causes of the collapse of the agricultural system during the rule of Afsharia and Zandiyeh? The findings show that despite some measures to improve the agricultural sector, various factors such as internal and external wars and rebellions, participation and presence of villagers willingly or unwillingly in these riots, lack of agricultural tools and equipment, scorched earth policy, forced migration and finally, natural disasters. and unnatural played a role in the decline and deep stagnation of the agricultural sector in the Afsharia and Zandiye periods.
shahram yousefifar; Taha Aref
Abstract
The Transoxiana witnessed the emergence and evolution of rural communities throughout history, dating back to ancient times. Rural life in this region has had unique characteristics due to the diversity of geography and climate, the flow of political and social events, and the special place in the extra-regional ...
Read More
The Transoxiana witnessed the emergence and evolution of rural communities throughout history, dating back to ancient times. Rural life in this region has had unique characteristics due to the diversity of geography and climate, the flow of political and social events, and the special place in the extra-regional economy. The study of rural history in the Transoxiana provides extensive knowledge of patterns involved in formation, transformation, evolution and, finally, the decline of villages at the disposal of social history researchers.An essential perspective in the studies of rural communities is the investigation of the process of their emergence and establishment. Recognizing the influential factors in this process helps with a deeper understanding of rural relations and its subsequent developments.In this paper, focusing on the main question about the formation of villages in the Transoxiana region, it was assumed that the villages in this region were formed and established according to different models. Therefore, they have experienced diverse natures and socio-economic relations during their subsequent growth and development. The result of the research indicated that, contrary to the simplifications of the popular opinions about the roots of the formation of rural societies, various factors have played a role in the emergence of villages in Transoxiana.This research on the social history of the village in Iran was organized with a qualitative approach, and a thematic analysis method was used to identify information, process data, and explain the main categories.
Farideh Farzi
Abstract
The social system of the village has been based on collectivism since the past. In this type of social life, the elders of the tribe had high prestige and dignity. In each village, a few elderly people who were at the head of a large tribe or clan were known as village elders, and many of the villagers' ...
Read More
The social system of the village has been based on collectivism since the past. In this type of social life, the elders of the tribe had high prestige and dignity. In each village, a few elderly people who were at the head of a large tribe or clan were known as village elders, and many of the villagers' problems were solved by these people. But after the White Revolution, the government tried to increase its role in rural affairs; Therefore, the ninth principle of the revolution was proposed under the title of the House of Justice, which is considered an important milestone in the history of the judicial system of contemporary Iran, because the government, in creating the House of Justice, while maintaining the traditional structure of villages and solving problems through people approved by the villagers (members House of Justice), tried to put more emphasis on the importance of reforms in the country by establishing a new institution in terms of administrative bureaucracy. Therefore, it is very important to examine their performance and the effect they had on the judicial system of the villages. The upcoming research is trying to use the library and documentary resources of this period, by using the descriptive-analytical method, to examine the functions of the House of Justice institution in solving the problems of the villagers. The results of the research show that although this newly established institution was effective in solving some of the problems, but due to the lack of strict monitoring of the performance of the members by the supervisors, the existence of many problems in the villages, the House of Justice institution is not able to solve the issues in many cases. It did not exist and its main functions (implementing justice) were not implemented.
Hamid Ashrafi
Abstract
Water, as one of the most basic elements of life, has always played a fundamental role in the construction of settlements and the emergence of human civilizations. In Iran, according to geographical conditions, including low rainfall, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, cities and villages are mostly ...
Read More
Water, as one of the most basic elements of life, has always played a fundamental role in the construction of settlements and the emergence of human civilizations. In Iran, according to geographical conditions, including low rainfall, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, cities and villages are mostly located around water sources such as aqueducts. The aqueduct has had various functions in the dimensions of sustainable economic, social, cultural, environmental and administrative development of arid and semi-arid regions of the country. One of the villages whose life depends on the aqueduct is Khairabad village. This village has four aqueducts. Dehanbara aqueduct and new aqueduct are among the most famous aqueducts of this village and play a vital role in the survival, durability and development of this village, especially in the field of tourism industry. In the past, these two aqueducts have had various functions such as providing drinking water, agricultural water, animal husbandry, washing and water mills, and today they can play a very important role in the development and progress of this village in the field of tourism and industry. This research examines the role, position and function of Dehanbara and New Aqueducts in the development and progress of Khairabad village in the past, present and future. At the same time, this research is fundamental-applied in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its historical nature and method of collecting library, documentary and field materials (observation and interview).