maryam ghafurian
Abstract
The village, as a social unit, has been the basis and center of life for the people of Iran and many other societies. Also, because it is the origin of the formation of the cultural identity of Iranians and also the place of economic challenges, crises, sufferings and hardships that are more serious ...
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The village, as a social unit, has been the basis and center of life for the people of Iran and many other societies. Also, because it is the origin of the formation of the cultural identity of Iranians and also the place of economic challenges, crises, sufferings and hardships that are more serious than cities, the village has been able to find its way as one of the most influential fields in the works of contemporary Iranian fiction writers. Among them, Jalal Al-Ahmad and Gholam Hossein Saedi have focused more than their other peers on reflecting the cultural and social characteristics of the village. As committed writers of rural and labor literature, these two have shown the situation of the socially disadvantaged classes and the necessity of reforming the crisis-ridden society of their time by describing and narrating in the form of stories and effective allegorical images. This research, using an analytical-descriptive method and using library resources, shows that Al-Ahmad indirectly and symbolically reflected political and economic trends in his fiction works, in which the village and its issues are a key characteristic and influential on the audience. Saedi, too, relying on the theme of poverty and deprivation, the illness of the lower class, and the poor state of state institutions, portrays the hidden beliefs and extreme superstitions of the people, which are the result of a deluded, oppressive, and stifling society in which the effects of misery and economic poverty have emerged and manifested in the form of ignorance and absurd beliefs of the common people.
ali najafzadeh
Abstract
Sheep herding was the main occupation of nomads and some rural dwellers in Iran. Wool was one of the most important livestock products and a significant export commodity during the Qajar era. One of the finest types of wool originated from Karakul sheep in Sarakhs, where sheep farming was primarily conducted ...
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Sheep herding was the main occupation of nomads and some rural dwellers in Iran. Wool was one of the most important livestock products and a significant export commodity during the Qajar era. One of the finest types of wool originated from Karakul sheep in Sarakhs, where sheep farming was primarily conducted for the production of high-priced pelts. Numerous internal and external factors contributed to the flourishing of Karakul sheep breeding in Sarakhs. In addition to the locals, wool merchants like Kouzekonani, Kazarani, Amin-ol-Tajari, and some newly converted merchants such as the Aminaf brothers and Ebrahim Aghaiaf entered this sector. This study aims to address the following questions: What internal and external factors influenced the focus on Karakul sheep breeding in Sarakhs? What role did the merchants of Mashhad play in the proliferation of Karakul sheep and the production of lamb pelts? What were the causes of the decline and stagnation of this breed during the Pahlavi era? This research was conducted through library studies and in a descriptive manner. Records and documents indicate that the 1917 Russian Revolution led to the transfer of the geographical area for breeding Karakul sheep from Bukhara to Sarakhs and northern Afghanistan. The nationalization of Afghan trade in 1931 deprived Iranian merchants of the benefits of this trade, prompting a shift towards Karakul sheep farming. The booming pelts market in Germany, England, and America attracted prominent merchants such as Kouzekonani, Kazarani, the Aminaf brothers, Aghaiaf, and some locals in Sarakhs to engage in the breeding of Karakul sheep. This trend declined after September 1941. A reduction in the quality of lamb pelts, decreased exports, a lack of merchant investment, and outdated production methods contributed to the stagnation of Karakul sheep farming in the late Pahlavi era.
shahram Gholami
Abstract
From the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906 until the end of Qajar rule in 1925, Iran experienced a prolonged period of political weakness and instability. During this time, the western regions of Iran, particularly Kurdistan, faced significantly greater instability and insecurity compared to ...
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From the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906 until the end of Qajar rule in 1925, Iran experienced a prolonged period of political weakness and instability. During this time, the western regions of Iran, particularly Kurdistan, faced significantly greater instability and insecurity compared to other areas. The revolt of Salar al-Dawlah in western Iran, occupying of northern parts of Kurdistan by Ottoman forces and the successive occupation of Kurdistan by hostile foreign forces during World War I resulted in widespread poverty and disorder in the region. This research aims to examine the impact of political changes during this nearly 2 decade on agriculture, rural life, and the population of Kurdistan. Utilizing data mining and analysis of archival documents, as well as historical and library sources, this study seeks to answer the question: How significantly did the events of this period contribute to the destruction of human resources of Kurdistan and its marginalization during the Pahlavi era? The findings indicate that the devastation of villages, economic resources, and human casualties in Kurdistan was more severe than in other parts of Iran. Many villagers and nomads were either killed on the battlefields or migrated to Mesopotamia and other regions. As small landowners weakened, some landlords aligned with the state seized more villages, leading to the emergence of a new class of landowners.
Leila Makvandi
Abstract
Village and agriculture in the Achaemenid Empire has not been a case of research, so some aspects of rural and agricultural economy in this period remain relatively unclear. Classical sources provide scattered but important information about Village and rural settlements in the Achaemenid Empire, but ...
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Village and agriculture in the Achaemenid Empire has not been a case of research, so some aspects of rural and agricultural economy in this period remain relatively unclear. Classical sources provide scattered but important information about Village and rural settlements in the Achaemenid Empire, but it is not possible to make a comprehensive analysis of structures and mechanisms of agricultural, husbandry, and ranch activities based on them. The archaeological studies do not provide much information about villages. While, tens of thousands documents belonging to the Achaemenid administrative archives provide valuable information about this topic directly and indirectly. The Persepolis Fortification Archive, dating the reign of Darius I (486-522 BC) is an important one. Archive texts are related to the management of production, storage, distribution, and redistribution of agricultural and commodities products in Persia. The present study will examine the status of villages and agricultural activities in the center of Achaemenid Empire in Fars based on the analysis of the Persepolis Fortification archive. The results of this study show that there was a systematic and interconnected organization in the management of agricultural affairs in Fars, which was controlled by the central administration in Persepolis. The approximately 5,000 inscriptions that have been read so far, on the one hand, shed light on the issue of ownership of villages, agricultural lands, and Paradises, which had been previously addressed by Greek historians. On the other hand, they show the complexity of the management cycle and circulation of agricultural products and their by-products.
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Fatemeh Mirzaepour Meybodi; Alireaza Pourmazar; Mahmoud pour sarrajian
Abstract
The village of "Saryazd" is a historical village located in Mehriz County. The location of this village near historical settlements such as "Gharbalbiz", "Fahraj", "Khovidak" and "Harofte" indicates a long history of settlement in this geographical area. Although Saryazd is far from transit routes today, ...
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The village of "Saryazd" is a historical village located in Mehriz County. The location of this village near historical settlements such as "Gharbalbiz", "Fahraj", "Khovidak" and "Harofte" indicates a long history of settlement in this geographical area. Although Saryazd is far from transit routes today, in 2008 it was introduced as one of the exemplary tourist areas of Iran and, together with the villages of Fahraj and Khovidak, it has gained significant tourist importance. The present study, using an interpretive-historical method and based on document analysis, examines the factors affecting the location and settlement in the village of Saryazd and the factors affecting the continuation of settlement in this area. The results show that three important factors: water resources, caravan routes and the existence of the Saryazd castle have influenced the formation, continuation of settlement and development of the village of Saryazd. The most important factor was the existence of a permanent spring called Madvar; The mention of the Madvar spring and the Saryazd and Farafar canals in historical texts indicates the remarkable water resources of this area, which have given way to wells in many historical periods. The architectural works of the caravan complex and the historical narratives contained in travelogues are valuable sources that indicate the special commercial position of this village on the Yazd-Kerman road. The Saryazd castle, as a treasury and a sign emphasizing the commercial importance of the area, has a special position and, given the many conflicts in this area, has had a significant impact on the formation and continuation of settlement in this area.
Hamed Jokar
Abstract
Islamic economic principles contain concepts that, if applied correctly and appropriately in rural communities, can lead to economic prosperity and development of the rural community. So far, many efforts have been made to discover, explain, or present the economic structure and system desired by Islam. ...
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Islamic economic principles contain concepts that, if applied correctly and appropriately in rural communities, can lead to economic prosperity and development of the rural community. So far, many efforts have been made to discover, explain, or present the economic structure and system desired by Islam. Many experts and thinkers have tried to answer the question of what is the desirable economic system of Islam for the economic management of society and what are its characteristics? and to resolve the economic complexities that modern and complex societies face by referring to Islamic sources and concepts. However, the complexities of economic knowledge and the multi-layered nature of economic issues that modern societies face, along with the various interpretations of Islamic principles, have made the discussions of Islamic economics complex, difficult, and sometimes incomprehensible and unusable. For this reason, even in the large-scale planning carried out by Islamic governments for the development of countries, little attention is paid to the concepts of Islamic economics. One of the most important reasons for this type of policymaking is the lack of a proper theoretical framework to establish a connection between Islamic economic concepts and rural social development. The aim of this article is to present a conceptual framework for the role of Islamic economics in the social progress of rural society, and through it, an attempt is made to explain the connection between Islamic economic principles and the process of rural community development by using Aspalter's theory of human social capabilities.